Technical specifications of the types of tombs and temples

 

Technical specifications of the types of tombs and temples:

- Hole:

  - (pit - sand - heavy stones).

  Development began in the construction of the cemetery from a small hole in the ground.

An oval pit to be painted on the inside with milk

 A rectangular hole (in the era of Jerza).

 The deceased was placed in a squatting position (with his knees to the chest).

 The pit was covered with sand.

 - And so that the wind does not disperse this pile, they have fixed it with some heavy stones.

 Sometimes the walls of the cemetery are painted with milk.

- The mastaba:

         - These stones are laid out regularly.

          Later on, it was built in the form of a large rectangle with sloping walls.

          It was called (the mastaba).

The definition of a ruler:

It is the upper structure of the tomb, and below it, there is a deep pit called the well and it contains the coffin that contained the body of the deceased.

As for the body of the mastaba itself, it is deaf, and there are only two spaces in it:

- The visiting room and is sometimes called the offering room, the second of which is what is known as the basement.

- The offering room had an eastern door through which visitors entered to make offerings to the soul of the dead, who was believed to come through the wall of the western wall of the room to eat offerings and food.

-. With the passage of time, this room became more complicated in design, and other rooms and side corridors were added to it.

As for the basement, it is a secret room in the middle of the building that does not have a door, but rather has small holes in the wall that overlook the offering room.

While the mastabas continued to be built and used as graves for important personalities in society, and the most famous architecture in the world, the pyramids, developed from them ... and there were several episodes of development between the idea of ​​the mastaba and the complete pyramid

Non-stone cemeteries

No architectural monuments have been found since that era that helps

in studying the art of architecture other than royal graves and individual graves.

By studying it, it became clear that the great development that occurred in the construction of cemeteries in Egypt in the early periods, and graves in the primitive periods were limited to:

Make a small hole covered with stones and sand after burying the deceased.

In the pre-dynastic era, other rooms were added to these buildings for the purpose of placing the possessions of the deceased in

Cemetery.

This group was covered with bits of stone and sand, and its four inclined walls were covered with bricks.

 And this rectangular shape on the surface of the earth was called the mastaba.

And the graves were affected by a chance of development in the early historical ages. The mastaba increased in size in the first family, as was the widespread use of milk in the walls, columns, and ceilings of cemeteries.

As for the doors, the pillars, and the ceiling, they were made of wood.

Stone tombs

Stone was used in some tombs of the First Dynasty within narrow limits, as granite stones were found on the floor of King Demo Babidus.

Also found in Abydos on the tomb of the king (Khaa Sakhmuri) from the end of the second dynasty, its walls were covered with limestone, and recently unveiled a popular cemetery in Helwan with stone tombs dating back to the first and second dynasties.

Included terraces (step pyramid)

The ancient Egyptian engineer, Imhotep, made multiple floors on top of each other, and he did that in order to develop the construction of the mastabas and an engineering achievement at that time by establishing several floors on top of each other and appearing as a stepped pyramid, which is known as the Stepped pyramid of King Djoser

Pyramids

This is without the internal details that make you admire, such as the presence of ventilation rooms above the burial chambers in order to reduce the weight of the stones at the top of their roof.

Like the ventilation outlets that penetrate all the way from the burial chamber to the outer surface of the pyramid.

Add to that the underlying value behind the hierarchical shape, and if the eternity of the king is the goal of building the pyramid, the pyramid shape, with its large base and low center of gravity, is the firmest geometric shape.

Those who see the three pyramids of Giza may notice that the middle one is the most taller, but it is not like that, rather it is built on higher ground. As for this pyramid, its size is much less than the size of its predecessor, which indicates the economic and political contraction of the king’s power (Khafre) As it was during the days of his grandfather, King Khufu, King Khafre had a hierarchical group that includes the following:

- The same pyramid in which the burial chamber was.

- The temple attached to the pyramid from the eastern side, where sacrifices were made and rituals performed, and where linen, grains, honey, oil, and utensils that were used in religious ceremonies and daily prayers were kept in the storage rooms.

- The covered stone road passing over the rocks.

- Temples

- The valley temple or the entrance to the stone road below the valley.

The valley temple was near Medina (which was in the valley) in order to provide the soul of the dead with offerings from the visitors and to avoid the hardship that the visitors incur as they ascended from the valley to the pyramid through the hot sandy slope. A roofed stone road was built up from the valley to the small temple attached to the eastern side. The beginning of the covered road suggested a kind of entrance or reception, so the function of the building in the valley was to achieve this.

In relation to the Karnak Temple and Luxor Temple, construction began in the old state, and the modern state added and introduced mechanized additions. The temples were built on one fixed area such as the Karnak Temple and Luxor and are built on a single axis and the number of Karnak Temple columns reached 134 columns distributed over 16 rows and the diameter of the column Three and a half meters and the shape of the column are inspired by the papyrus plant and end with an open flower in the main lobby and with the bud, the length of the lobby is four and eight meters and a width of fifty-four meters. The sides allow the space between the two roofs to leave openings for lighting and ventilation

The Temple of Hatshepsut is one of the most amazing things that the ancient Egyptian artist did, as this temple consists of three surfaces at different levels, and these levels are connected by an ascending path that ends at the next surface.

And the Abu Simbel temple and the establishment of the nineteenth family

The mortuary temple and the decimal family establishment.