Project Planning

Project Planning

Mohamed Ibrahim

1. Introduction

Planning can be defined as planning the way of working for the future within the limited possibilities of resources (machinery and equipment, personnel, materials, capital) and other circumstances within a specific time to reach a specific goal. Planning can be defined as the collection of facts and information that help achieve the actions necessary to achieve the desired results and objectives.

The purpose of planning (or setting timelines for the implementation of any construction project) is to:

• Make the most of resources.

• Achieve communication among all specialists and unify their efforts towards achieving the objectives of the project.

• Commitment to a certain time to complete the project.

• Achieve the material benefits of the project.

Due to the complexity of the technology and the continuous increase in prices and the length of the implementation period we note the introduction of a new factor is the risk factor (which will explain this factor in the following topics), so the process of planning ahead reduces the unexpected surprises during the implementation process

This topic should address the following questions:

• Why should the project manager and his team think about managing the project and improving their ability to make decisions, especially at a time when decisions are made on the basis of insufficient clarity of information ((the absence of clear information leading to the right decision))

• A set of models and forms that enable the project manager and his team to plan the project effectively.

• A set of technical details of the project planning and characterized can be adapted to suit the needs of the project of any size.

Project Planning

Project management is different from the management in general In the project management (Projects Management) planning is an essential part of this process and planning is the second component of three parts, the first of which is the work of structuring the project and the middle of planning and the last control over the project.

The lack of good project definition and planning work, the chances of success vary, as it is difficult to develop the perceptions of the parties involved in the project (either the team or interested in the project) that each party wants without planning to put them in the appropriate framework.

To make a good planning of the project must be considered in general the necessary time and costs and work to be implemented and the benefits required from the project and link them all with the resources available to the project and controls governing its use, as well as taking into account the risks surrounding the project and therefore taking into account all these inputs Re-planning in case of changing any of the above data and the conditions of use.

Success in project management does not come from just using the right tools and techniques in the past, despite the importance of this, but the start of the structure of the project as mentioned in the previous section is the basic building of the success of the project followed by good planning.

In the next section on project control, we will know the importance of establishing a good project control system and the mechanisms required to make sure that the costs are as planned and will also explain how to work out a detailed control system that reflects the size of the project and the complexity of each project.

If you are a project manager, would you recommend studying the following three topics in the order shown?

1. structuring the project.

2. Project Planning.

3. Control Project

3 - basic principles of planning

Success in project management should continue the planning process during the life of the project and this importance comes as the planning is always done in uncertain conditions of the future, making decision-making and planning for future events based on the possibilities and vision of the team and therefore must re-planning when new circumstances become clear during the progress the work.

Projects are always constructed with uncertain conditions, which may require unconventional inputs to the planning process. This includes defining the project conditions with the available details. Information is then re-planned as the project progresses in the light of new information. In order to plan the project must collect accurate information on the size of the project and its costs and the time required for the implementation of events.

How can projects be planned, quantified accurately, obtaining approvals with the required details and the resources and costs required?

To answer this question, the planning of the project should integrate the planning and its data and local experiences with the project environment mentioned earlier, and the experience of working in similar projects and during these data can meet the requirements of planning and thus can be exceeded in the lack of clarity of vision in some stages of planning using the planned planning mechanisms.

On the other hand, we must start with what we know in planning any project and postpone unspecified and vague activities as much as possible.

At the beginning of the project, the cost and time estimates should be initially determined in order to make a budget for the project at the beginning.

The project plan should indicate these costs and time to give a clear picture of the project parties (owner, financier, project manager) of the project evaluation. The subprojects arising from the original project and the main activities should be clarified as well as the resources required for each.

3.1 Project planning levels

Preferably planning levels do not exceed four levels, which is commensurate with the different levels of management and Figure (2) shows these levels.

• Project Plan: Outlines the relationships between key actors and identifies project-specific costs and overall project timeframe

• Auxiliary plan for each group of events (Sub-project plan) is planned at the level of the main outputs for each group of events so as to explain the details of the implementation to reach the end of the stage, for example, the bases.

• Detailed Plan of Events (Detailed Plan) is developed to give more details about the specific activities more than shown in the auxiliary and sub-plans and reflect the specific details in which the project size and scope of special work and the project required to accomplish these works. M can work through them.

• Individual Work Plan Plans These plans are used to define the tasks required of the team members and their respective responsibilities and usually cover a short period of no more than two weeks.

• The  resources and timing required in the planning should be developed in detail with the possibility of adjusting them to suit the progress of the project.

3.2 Forms and documents used for project planning

There are many models and documents used to help in planning the project and is characterized as being valuable means to help in the optimal planning and make the necessary communication between the activities and levels of different plans to reach the plans for the project and link the overall schedule together. Figure (3) shows the planning models.

One of the most important of these models is the method of breaking or (fragmentation) of the activities of the project (Work Breakdown Structure) (WBS), which enables the division of the project into parts of each part ends with an internal passage, for example, the end of the work of the foundations of the foundations is an internal exit of the stage of the foundation works.

An example of the process of fragmentation of project activities, to take the work of reinforced concrete bases must make activities for the work of blacksmith and carpentry and the work of making wooden mold and type and put these activities to the internal exit of the foundations of the armed.

Internal outputs within the planning of the project must be detailed in the so-called output description (Product Description), which is the process in which a specific phase of the project with all the inputs that are grouped together to produce a phase of the project called internal output.

The product flow diagram is the product flow diagram, in which the project activities are sequenced to the final output by describing these activities and how they depend on each other.

It is a scheme (Activity on Node (Node System)) which can be called the network of events, which is clarifying the activities required for the work of the final project and shows the beginning and end of each event and the time required to complete the event, and brings the work of all reserves and activities necessary to ensure the completion of project activities with the required quality as well as tests Required and placed in a scheme that specifies the timing, costs and quality characterization of all project items.

The final output of the planning process is a set of plans agreed to implement to reach the achievements of the project and include the achievement of certain objectives.

4- Work Breakdown Structure

In most projects, these projects should be divided into their basic components. These components are called project management activities or activities. The process of project segmentation (WBS) is used to define responsibilities and integrated management control over the complexity of projects. In addition to the level of management, for example, the manager's point of view may not require details, but overall, while the other person in the section that follows the project needs more details because, for example, the work for him is actually overseeing the Resources He plans to make the most of the resources available to follow his work. Figure 4 illustrates this fragmentation.

The first retail level (Level - 1) should be the project, and the last level of retail activity (Level - x). The work of the building is fragmented as shown in Figure 5.

Factors in the number of levels of the project work

1- The desired degree of control

Whenever we want to increase the control of the project we must increase the number of levels of fragmentation of the project work and thus increase the number of events.

2. The complexity of the project

As the project becomes more complex, project management needs to increase the number of levels of project fragmentation and detailing of activities

3. Planning development stage

If no information is known about the early details of the project, fewer levels of project work will be used. When more information is obtained, planning is developed and it is necessary to increase the number of levels based on previous levels.

5. Resource planning

The resources that we will deal with in this chapter include everything the project needs in order to accomplish the project's activities. The human resources are summarized in the financing, equipment and materials required for the activities and the subcontractors.

More precisely, resource planning can be defined as the effective scheduling of the skills, experience, funding and techniques available to accomplish the project with its own specifications.

The resource planning process is ongoing and helps to optimize the planning as a result of making good use of available resources throughout the life of the project. After the completion of the project part of the activities and the identification of these events comes after the resources that must be allocated to the completion of these events as described in (7) outline of the overall planning of the project.

After the steps shown in Figure (7), the completion of the activities is assigned to the responsible team that is able to accomplish these events. In the event that this cost is not commensurate with the specified costs, resources should be redistributed to achieve cost reduction as required.

It will become clear after the completion of the previous scheme that the distribution of resources on the basis that the team will work five days a week with a predetermined productivity, which can not happen for many reasons and thus become planning according to these rules far from reality. To deal with the above fact we can divide the resources into two types are consumed resources and the second non-consumed resources and the first type is placed in a certain task to accomplish an effectiveness and nothing remains of it. For example, what is earned by the subcontractor to end a certain activity can not be used to accomplish another activity, the second type can be used In many tasks to accomplish various activities within the project such as equipment and manpower.

After the project is divided into activities and deviate from these activities within a timetable, the task is to allocate the necessary resources for each activity separately without regard to the resources required as a whole. At this stage, try not to deal with the settlement of resources and try to find the optimal amounts of resources, but is done individually with each effectiveness and allocate resources for each activity on the basis of the best estimates in the achievement.

After this stage, there are three technical steps to ensure that resources are properly allocated:

1. The accumulation of resources, which is the way in which the required resources are determined for each working day and thus determine the total required for each type of resources and represent it graphically.

2.  Resource Leveling In this step, we make sure that the project does not need more resources than is available (the upper limit of resources) by moving some of the events submitted or delayed in order to match its resources with the resources available for implementation and thus the process of resource adjustment.

3. Resource allocation in an optimal manner (Resource Smoothing) In this step is the utilization of resources in an optimal way by trying to exploit resources in a way that does not come out and enter equipment for example at close times from the site by providing some activities that are done with the same resources to take advantage of the presence of resources in a certain period Thus, it is completely finished, which reduces the time of disruption of equipment and the time of the cost of transporting this equipment, especially heavy equipment.Another example if we have a factor with rare specialization, we must reduce the time of his presence at the site and try to combine all the required activities in successive times so as not to cost Rh deactivating at times , waiting to end the need.

Keeping in mind that the activities that should be nominated for these three steps are the events that have the times of grace (Float).

6 - Estimate Cost Estimation

Cost estimation is an important activity of the quantitative survey, which includes the calculation of quantities of materials and expected expenses for construction based on the plans, specifications and pricing prevailing, in addition to giving an idea of ​​the expected time of completion of the project, and control spending during the construction phases. The real that we do not know until the completion of the project.

Guessing is defined as the decision about the amount of time, cost, and resources required to perform each part of the work according to acceptable standards of achievement and performance.

In the case of self-financed projects, they need to estimate their operational costs and their expected imports, that is, the amount of potential income to know that investing money for this type of project is justified.

Purpose Of Cost Estimation

The cost estimation process is important for both the employer and the contractor, whereby the bid price is determined, ie the amount paid by the employer to the contractor for completing the project under the contract documents, which is not the real cost of completing the work.

He also pointed out successful management on the availability of estimates for the budget of the project, if achieved what is planned in the budget is considered successful management and vice versa.

So cost estimation is the process of calculating measurement and forecasting for the future and proposing a future plan for the project, and the quantitative survey engineer controls the cost to make sure it does not exceed the initial estimates during the implementation phase.

The importance of the initial cost estimate comes from being an important document for the employer to take appropriate solutions when the cost is exceeded, such as redesign, transfer of funds from what is available to the emergency or increase the budget.

Initial cost estimation is usually performed before detailed schemes are available as it is based on simple sketches, project objectives and general characteristics of origin such as number of users, area, size, etc.

If the cost is too high, the employer should make sure that the size of the capital and the cost of construction are covered.

The purpose of guessing costs is as follows: -

1. For the purpose of planning and forecasting which assists in the evaluation and survey of financial, and economic resources for the purpose of investment.

2. Control costs during the design and ensure that the economic assessment is still correct during the design process.

3. The contractor assists in the pricing of the tender.

6 - 2 Cost Estimation: Cost Estimation Responsibility

The persons responsible for estimating the cost depending on the duties performed by each person are as follows:

1. Employer: - Prepare a summary of the work (area, specifications, spaces, heights).

2. Architect: - Prepare simple diagrams of the project for the purposes of initial guesses, as well as accurate detailed schemes for the purposes of detailed guesses

3. Estimator: - The initial estimates are based on simple schemes, based on "cost analyzes of similar buildings previously implemented", and after the completion of the contracting documents and detailed schemes where the estimates become detailed.

The task of the appraiser is to determine the cost to the contractor to carry out the work described in the contract documents. This cost estimate is subject to constant adjustment by the appraiser to determine the amount of the tender. Facing project management during the work progress.

6.3 Cost Estimation Requirements: -Cost Estimation Requirements 

The following requirements for cost estimation are:

1. All costs should be considered.

2. Cost must be realistic, homogeneous and orderly.

3. You must take into account the impact of variables and emergencies on the cost.

Basics of cost estimation, including initial costs, such as:

1. The most accurate information available should be used to estimate costs and this information is either cost-specific, or time-consuming to accomplish a particular event based on similar previous work, or periodic publications on cost.

2. In the light of the initial guess, the employer decides whether to go on to adopt the project and continue the work or change the objectives.

3. The contractor's prices and bids shall be based on detailed and accurate estimates.

Where historical information is collected to be used to understand the extent and dimensions of the project with the help of the computer in the collection and storage of information, and collects other statistics useful in budget numbers such as the size of the project, cost per server, cost per activity, etc., and this information is used for each project and separately by location The type of construction, size, date of completion and quality level.

In the second step, the designs of the previous buildings are analyzed according to the shapes, the raw materials used and the proposed questions.

6 - 4 Types of Cost Estimation: - Cost Estimation Types

      There are three types of guesses that meet the cost forecast needs identified by them:

1. Conceptual Estimation

2. First guessing Preliminary Estimation.

3. Detailed Estimation

6-4-1 Conceptual Estimation:

This type of guessing is required in the early stages of the project, which is the most important stage of the guesswork. Information is derived from simple schemes and project objectives as ideas, and some data such as "unit price" per square meter or "server unit price" are obtained above information from a cost analysis Similar previous projects. This kind of speculation is based on historical data as a basis for predicting future value. Several techniques are used to help extrapolate the future.

1. The time at which data were collected should be short to avoid increasing the rate of differences over time.

2. Check non-volatile comparable factors such as the impact of changes in the level of effectiveness on cost, technical changes, management, changes in the atmosphere, changes in materials, workers, and the cost of other inputs, and strike workers as these factors are non-volumetric leads to hide the cost fluctuations Due to size only, adjustments to the data must be made before using them for forecasting purposes.

3. Check and calculate methods and policies used in data collection.

6 - 4 - 2 Preliminary Estimation:

This type of estimation is carried out by preparing a quantitative analysis of the systems of the proposed project based on preliminary drawings and some details from the employer.

1. The evaluator should have experience, wisdom, and amount of information.

2. It is not sufficiently accurate to be used as a basis for bidding.

3. We make sure that the capital covers the expenses of the proposed project.

4. Its accuracy depends on the speed of preparation and the availability of information and data.

Initial guesses are usually based on analysis of previous fidelity information and are then updated to suit the time, location geography, and price and wage fluctuations.

6.4.3 Detailed Estimation

Between this type in which the quantities and costs of the main elements of the origin are estimated based on "detailed schemes and descriptions of workers and materials, with the work of quantitative tables, which is the most accurate and reliable types of guesswork."

The detailed estimate includes additional costs in addition to those included in the main contract, such as land costs, legal fees, etc. Where detailed valuation can also be defined as the amount of money that will be paid by the employer to complete the project and received by the contractor.

In this estimation, costs (materials, workers, machinery and equipment, subcontractors), supervision, and profit are determined as the bid price.

Common Approximate Approaches in Preliminary Cost Estimation

        Common Approximate Methods Of Preliminary Cost Estimation

There are many approximate methods, all of which depend on the nature of the proposed origin and the degree of accuracy required as follows:

  6.5.1 Surface Superficial Method

The method of use varies from one person to another. The methods depend on the inner sides of the outer walls, or by taking only the covered areas and neglecting the spaces such as corridors.

Note that there are parts that do not fall within the area of ​​the building base such as balconies, lofts, architectural collars and vertical light barriers.

This method can be used to calculate the initial cost of industrial facilities similar in area and height, from knowing the cost per unit area of ​​the industrial facility implemented and multiplying it in the area of ​​the proposed origin but not very reliable "because of the weaknesses mentioned below:

1. They neglect in their calculations the shape of the scheme and the height of the floors of the building, and the difference in specifications and compositions.

2. The unit prices we get need to be adjusted and updated according to the age of origin, construction method and others.

6.5.2 Cubic Method

Here calculates the size of the total origin in cubic meters, and multiplied by an appropriate price per cubic meter, and the method of calculation is to measure the dimensions of the outer side of the outer walls to calculate the area of ​​the ground and then multiply it by the height of the origin, and we get the cost of the cubic meter by dividing the total cost of a previous structure similar to its size, note that There are institutions that use internal size such as the Royal Society of Chartered Surveyors.

The advantage of this method is that it is more accurate than the surface area so as to take the height of origin as an additional dimension. The weaknesses in this method is the presence of a few identical buildings in the specifications except some residential houses, and the price per cubic meter is affected by many factors such as the shape of the building, the number of floors, the number Internal and vertical divisions, in addition to the location of the proposed project and the nature of the foundations.

There are other difficulties in determining the price of the cubic meter, the size of the origin does not reflect the amount of materials used and manpower used in the work of cutters and other work calculated in square meters.

6 - 5 - 3 Storey Enclosure Method

This method is considered as a modified method of unit price methods, it is an attempt to make the volumetric method reliable, and that the unit we get is the "storey content unit" "Storey Enclosure Unit".

The calculation method for this method is determined by determining the coefficients of the elements of the building. Then the areas are grouped together, after which the total cost of a similar structure previously constructed is divided by the total area and we get (S.EU). Proposed for the project.

One of the advantages of this method is that it calculates the area of ​​the walls, and it takes into account the difference in shape, size, and the number of floors in buildings, and that dealing with each floor according to the difficulty in its construction, through the above-mentioned transactions.

Elemental Cost Method

The methodology of this method, where the project is divided into important elements and calculates the quantity of the unit for each element and then for each group of elements per paragraph, and multiplied the quantity at appropriate prices and prevailing at the time of cost calculation and the number of paragraphs varies with the quality of buildings.

The advantages of this method give an increase in the accuracy of the guesswork, and in the comparison between the practical drawings by taking each element separately instead of the origin as a whole, and that the margin of error is small compared to the previous methods, the weaknesses in this method is the need for detailed schemes, and is considered lengthy as a novel Short for construction paragraphs and prepare traditional priced tables.

This method is currently common "in the Iraqi consultative centers and is preferred as it fits the market situation, and the unstable economic situation, where the appraiser deals with each construction paragraph individually, and according to the price and importance of the paragraph.

The principles of this method were relied on to derive cost control equations for industrial establishments as they deal with each construction paragraph separately and then collect the costs for the important paragraphs to get the total cost.

6.6 Factors Affecting Cost Estimation

Effective Factors Of Cost Estimation

There are a number of factors influencing cost estimation that should be considered when estimating numbers are:

1. The shape of the building: -

It has an effect on size and therefore on the initial cost forecast.

2. Conditions of the site: - Include the following:

a. Is the site open or crowded?

B. Groundwater levels.

C. Soil tolerance.

Dr. Methods of access to the site.

3. The height of the building: -

Where the need for elevators, tower cranes depends

4. Structure of the building: - It varies according to the following classification:

a. Iron structure.

B. reinforced concrete .

C. Precast concrete.

Dr. Carrier walls.

e. other kinds .

5. Spaces not intended for housing, but for mobility such as dishes, corridors and halls, and this has to do with the type of service to be provided by the origin (service, industrial, administrative, residential, military,… .etc).

6. Type specification.

7. Cost materials, wages of workers in the proposed project area, availability and housing and comfort requirements for workers.

8. Storage of materials and mechanisms.

9. Construction tools and their need.

10. Geographic location and nature of the atmosphere.

11. Implementation method and type of contract.

6-7 Cost Estimation Data Sources

The quantities surveyor should have access to data on the proposed work for the purpose of preparing his calculations on an accurate basis. Therefore, the collection of data from its precise sources such as visiting the proposed project site, studying the available plans, the proposed specifications and visiting the suppliers of materials, and identifying the nature of workers and their wages in the project area. To energy and water sources, transport and distribution of resources from machinery and stores, information on country policy… etc.

There are a number of basic information required in cost estimation:

6.7.1 Prices

Such as the unit price of materials, labor, machinery and transport costs, obtained from the cost analysis of previous projects similar to the proposed project, the following publications and sources:

1. Commercial Flyers

2. Information on production rates from previous projects.

3. The use of computer in the cost analysis to track the cost of each system in the origin, based on the "Construction Specification Institution" (CSI)

Many construction companies feed their information to the computer for easy access in the future, as it helps in analyzing the costs of resources (workers, materials and equipment) for previous projects.

There are also references to the issuance of periodical publications of construction costs to help calculate the difference in prices, such as:

1.  (RICS) Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors and these publications are limited to buildings projects.

2. Weekly magazines that provide information (in the form of graphs) showing the differences in the wages of workers and the cost of materials from (1914) till now.

These drawings are used to make adjustments to market conditions based on "the discrepancies of materials and workers.

3. Building Cost Information Service (BCIS) The Building Cost Information Service is a private construction cost information organization that provides extensive information on the cost analysis of the implementation of some projects with specialization specialization in addition to the following information:

a. Melasma standards.

B. Cost studies.

C. Cost trends.

Dr. Repairs commissioned maintenance.

All of the above publications are based on the author's vision and goal of the project's average price, but the cost analysis of previous projects remains more useful as it shows the distribution of costs among its main components.

6.7.2 Plans

It is necessary and includes levels and sections as between "Lewis" [27 p. 15] importance, through which the Quantity Surveyor visualizes the parts of the building and construction style and internal and external architectural form and structures of ceilings and floors in addition to the construction and service requirements (electrical, mechanical, sanitary).

6-7-3 Specifications Specification:

They are general or detailed. The public is important in the projecting of the initial cost, since it shows the nature of the project and the types of materials.

It was found through the field study of a number of companies executing in Iraq that they generally rely on the following data in the stage of cost estimation:

1. Cost analyzes of previous projects.

2. Business magazines.

3. References instructions regarding prices.

4. Simple schemes. (Predicting the initial cost)

5. Requirements, wishes and suggestions of the employer.

6. Proposed construction techniques and techniques available in the country.

Classify information sources for cost estimates into the following:

1. External: Divided into: -

a. Drafting: includes published reports, government statistics, and private explorations

B. Non-drafting includes discussions, exchange of views.

2. Internal: divided into: -

a. Drafting: Includes control and monitoring reports, forecasting systems, search reports and budgets and video presentation.

B. Unformulated: Includes discussions, interviews and telephone conversations.

6-8 Cost Estimation During Project Phases:

To accomplish any engineering project there are steps that determine the progress of the construction process, from the initial project idea, until the project is delivered and the final account is paid, there are measures to prepare and estimate the cost during each stage of the project.

The Quantity Surveyor during the project phases the proper planning of the project, drafting specifications, preparing contract documents, monitoring costs, and forecasting future expenditure. The project consists of the following phases:

6-8-1 Conceptual Study Phase

At this stage of the project, you will receive what is required from the needs of the beneficiary to propose the plan for the completion of the project, where the idea of ​​the project, its purpose, and determine the allowable cost.

 An important assignment for the RICS during this phase is:

1. Provide advice at the estimated cost of the project.

2. Advise the economics of the project and the preparation of the budget, the cost during that stage is only a preliminary idea based on the use of one of the approximate methods to estimate the above cost.

6.8.2 Design Phase

In this stage, the detailed cost estimate, practical drawings, specifications, time schedules, inviting contractors, bidding, contract preparation and the most important activities of quantities estimator in this phase are:

1. Calculate the quantities and detailed cost of the detailed drawings.

2. Ensure that the final design of the initial cost estimate does not exceed any control

      On your cost during the design phase.

3. Preparation of time schedules and sequence of expenditures under these schedules as well as schedules of materials and the need under time schedules to avoid poor storage and excess discharges.

The responsibilities of the construction project manager, where the duties during the design was divided into three events: -

1. Definition and clarification of problems, which is the stage of intellectual design "Conceptual Design" 

2. Evaluation of alternatives, a preliminary design stage

3. Choose the best solutions for the type of construction, which is detailed "Detaild Design"

The cost prepared at the design stage and based on detailed drawings, quantities tables and price analysis of materials, workers, machinery and subcontractors is an important document to be used in controlling spending during successive implementation stages.

Management plays an important and vital role during the first design phase, where this role is in the definition of objectives and the selection of measures of achievement and project planning.

The "Work Break Down Structure" (WBS) method uses the "detailed division of work paragraphs" during the initial design phase, where the project is divided into main paragraphs and then divided these paragraphs into other subdivisions and gives the distribution list a definition of all the duties carried out to complete the project where it helps (WBS) In defining the work to be done and giving a framework for planning and preparation of the budget and control and control with the progress of work to be compared with the prepared plan and budget.

6-8-3 Execution phase

    In this phase, the origin is implemented according to the cost, specifications, time and quality contracted. The activities of the quantitative survey during this stage are:

1. Control the costs on site "and control

2. Follow-up time schedules "along with potential disbursements for each paragraph

3. Follow-up prices and fluctuations

4. Prepare lists of advances and measure the work done during the stages of work progress.

6-8-4 Interest and use phase Commissioning Phase

     In this phase, the following are:

1. Evaluate and examine the work done

2. Identify maintenance considerations

3. Determine the differences and changes in the quantities of works and their executive costs, if any

4. Business rush and final accounts lists.

Thus, the actual cost of the project, which is documented as a reference information for the quantitative survey of future similar works, is obtained and referenced in the preparation of the initial cost estimates.